Principles of Programming Using C Lab Manual for VTU

Prabodh C PDec 27, 20221 Comment

The academic syllabus has been changed for the year 2022-23 in VTU. A new subject has been introduced titled “Principles of Programming Using C” (Sub Code: BPOPS103/203) for first year students of VTU. This subject has an integrated lab component. Here I am publishing the first version of the lab manual which has solutions and sample output for all the lab programs. Gradually more documentation and algorithms are planned to be added. Anybody can contribute and re-share this manual as it is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

All the programs have been compiled using the GNU GCC compiler version 9.4.0 and has been tested on Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) 64-bit Kernel Linux 5.15.0-56-generic.

These programs can run on any GNU/Linux Operating system or any other OS with GCC installed.

GCC compiler can be obtained from here. A nice tutorial is provided here to get started with GCC.

If you find the command line difficult to handle and looking for an GUI based IDE to work with, the best choice is Code::Blocks. Code::Blocks uses the GNU GCC compiler collection. Two other good IDEs that you can try or Eclipse and Anjuta. I have provided links to this IDEs below you can click and download the necessary software and instructions to set up a working environment.

After getting the necessary development environment setup, Now lets focus on the solutions. You can go to the appropriate program by clicking on the links below.

Question 01 – Simple Calculator
Question 02 – Quadratic Equation
Question 03 – Electricity Bill
Question 04 – Printing Pattern
Question 05 – Binary Search
Question 06 – Matrix Multiplication
Question 07 – Compute Sine and Cosine of an Angle
Question 08 – Bubble Sort
Question 09 – String Operations
Question 10 – C Structures
Question 11 – Pointers and Arrays
Question 12 – File Copy

Question 1

Simple Calculator

Simulation of a Simple Calculator.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A01Calculator.c
*Description	: Program to simulate a commercial calculator
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 10 August 2022
***************************************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

/***************************************************************************
*Function			: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS			:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/

int main()
{
	int iChoice, iOperand1, iOperand2;
	char cOperator;
	
	for(;;)
	{
		printf("\nEnter the arithmetic expression(Do not add spaces in the expression)\n");
		scanf("%d%c%d", &iOperand1, &cOperator, &iOperand2);
		switch(cOperator)
		{
			case '+': 	printf("\nResult = %d", iOperand1 + iOperand2);
						break;
					
			case '-':	printf("\nResult = %d", iOperand1 - iOperand2);
						break;
			
			case '*':	printf("\nResult = %d", iOperand1 * iOperand2);
						break;
						
			case '/':	printf("\nResult = %g", (float)iOperand1 / iOperand2);
						break;
			case '%':	printf("\nResult = %d", iOperand1 % iOperand2);
						break;
					
		}
		printf("\nPress 1 to continue and 0 to quit : ");
		scanf("%d", &iChoice);
		if(0==iChoice)
		{
			break;
		}
	}
	return 0;		
}

Output

/***************************************
Enter the arithmetic expression
4+6

Result = 10
Press 1 to continue and 0 to quit : 1

Enter the arithmetic expression
2-9

Result = -7
Press 1 to continue and 0 to quit : 1

Enter the arithmetic expression
5*2

Result = 10
Press 1 to continue and 0 to quit : 1

Enter the arithmetic expression
4/5

Result = 0.8
Press 1 to continue and 0 to quit : 1   

Enter the arithmetic expression
8/4

Result = 2
Press 1 to continue and 0 to quit : 1

Enter the arithmetic expression
15%4

Result = 3
Press 1 to continue and 0 to quit : 0
***************************************/

Question 2

Quadratic Equation

Compute the roots of a quadratic equation by accepting the coefficients. Print appropriate messages.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A02Quadratic.c
*Description	: Program to find the roots of a Quadratic Equation
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 10 August 2022
***************************************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
/***************************************************************************
*Function			: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS			:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/
int main(void)
{
	float fA,fB,fC,fDesc,fX1,fX2,fRealp,fImagp;
	int iState;

	printf("\n*************************************************************");
	printf("\n*\tPROGRAM TO FIND ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION\t    *\n");
	printf("*************************************************************");

	printf("\nEnter the coefficients of a,b,c \n");
	scanf("%f%f%f",&fA,&fB,&fC);
	if(0 == fA)
	{
		printf("\nInvalid input, not a quadratic equation - try again\n");
		exit(0);
	}

	/*COMPUTE THE DESCRIMINANT*/
	fDesc = fB * fB - 4 * fA * fC;
	((0 == fDesc) ? (iState = 1):((fDesc > 0) ? (iState = 2) : (iState = 3)));
	switch(iState)
	{
		case 1:
			fX1 = fX2 = -fB/(2*fA);
			printf("\nRoots are equal and the Roots are \n");
			printf("\nRoot1 = %g and Root2 = %g\n",fX1,fX2);
			break;
		case 2:
			fX1 = (-fB+sqrt(fDesc))/(2*fA);
			fX2 = (-fB-sqrt(fDesc))/(2*fA);
			printf("\nThe Roots are Real and distinct, they are \n");
			printf("\nRoot1 = %g and Root2 = %g\n",fX1,fX2);
			break;
		case 3:
			fRealp = -fB / (2*fA);
			fImagp = sqrt(fabs(fDesc))/(2*fA);
			printf("\nThe Roots are imaginary and they are\n");
			printf("\nRoot1 = %g+i%g\n",fRealp,fImagp);
			printf("\nRoot2 = %g-i%g\n",fRealp,fImagp);
	}
	return 0;
}

Output

/***************************************
*************************************************************
*	PROGRAM TO FIND ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION	    *
*************************************************************
Enter the coefficients of a,b,c 
1 -5 6

The Roots are Real and distinct, they are 

Root1 = 3 and Root2 = 2
*************************************************************
*	PROGRAM TO FIND ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION	    *
*************************************************************
Enter the coefficients of a,b,c 
1 4 4

Roots are equal and the Roots are 

Root1 = -2 and Root2 = -2
*************************************************************
*	PROGRAM TO FIND ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION	    *
*************************************************************
Enter the coefficients of a,b,c 
1 3 3

The Roots are imaginary and they are

Root1 = -1.5+i0.866025		Root2 = -1.5-i0.866025
*************************************************************
*	PROGRAM TO FIND ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION	    *
*************************************************************
Enter the coefficients of a,b,c 
0 1 2

Invalid input, not a quadratic equation - try again
***************************************/

Question 3

Electricity Bill

An electricity board charges the following rates for the use of electricity: for the first 200 units 80 paise per unit: for the next 100 units 90 paise per unit: beyond 300 units Rs 1 per unit. All users are charged a minimum of Rs. 100 as meter charge. If the total amount is more than Rs 400, then an additional surcharge of 15% of total amount is charged. Write a program to read the name of the user, number of units consumed and print out the charges.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A03ElectricBill.c
*Description	: Program to perform a binary search on 1D Array
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 10 August 2022
***************************************************************************/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
/***************************************************************************
*Function		: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS		:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/
int main(void)
{
	char cName[30];
	int iUnits;
	const int iMinCharge = 100;
	const double dSlab1 = 0.8;
	const double dSlab2 = 0.9;
	const double dSlab3 = 1.0;
	const double dSurcharge = 0.15;
	double dBillAmount = 0.0;

	printf("\nEnter the name of the customer : "); 		scanf("%s", cName);
	printf("\nEnter the number of units consumed : "); 	scanf("%d", &iUnits);	
	dBillAmount += iMinCharge;
	if(iUnits <= 200)
	{
		dBillAmount += iUnits*dSlab1;
	}
	else if(iUnits > 200 && iUnits <= 300)
	{
		dBillAmount += (200*dSlab1)+((iUnits-200)*dSlab2);
	}
	else
	{
		dBillAmount += (200*dSlab1)+(100*dSlab2)+((iUnits-300)*dSlab3);
	}
	if(dBillAmount > 400)
	{
		dBillAmount += dBillAmount * dSurcharge;
	}
	printf("\nElectricity Bill\n===================================");
	printf("\nCustomer Name\t: %s", cName);
	printf("\nUnits Consumed\t: %d", iUnits);
	printf("\nBill Amount\t: %0.2lf Rupees\n\n", dBillAmount);
	return 0;
}

Output

/***************************************
Enter the name of the customer : Ramesh
Enter the number of units consumed : 457

Electricity Bill
===================================
Customer Name	: Ramesh
Units Consumed	: 457
Bill Amount	: 583.05 Rupees

Enter the name of the customer : Sayeed 
Enter the number of units consumed : 150

Electricity Bill
===================================
Customer Name	: Sayeed
Units Consumed	: 150
Bill Amount	: 220.00 Rupees

Enter the name of the customer : Jaswinder
Enter the number of units consumed : 300

Electricity Bill
===================================
Customer Name	: Jaswinder
Units Consumed	: 300
Bill Amount	: 350.00 Rupees

Enter the name of the customer : Shyam
Enter the number of units consumed : 182

Electricity Bill
===================================
Customer Name	: Shyam
Units Consumed	: 182
Bill Amount	: 245.60 Rupees
***************************************/

Output

/***************************************
Enter Customer name:SHAM

Enter number of units consumed: 150
ELECTRIC BILL
Name :                   SHAM
Units Consumed :         150 units
Bill Minimum            =  100.00 Rs
	150 *  80 paise     =  120.00
Total Bill Charges      =  220.00 Rs
===================================

Enter Customer name:BABU

Enter number of units consumed: 260
ELECTRIC BILL
Name :                   BABU
Units Consumed :         260 units
Bill Minimum            =  100.00 Rs
	200 *  80 paise     =  160.00
	 60 *  90 paise     =   54.00
Total Bill Charges      =  314.00 Rs
===================================

Enter Customer name:RAMU

Enter number of units consumed: 555
ELECTRIC BILL
Name :                   RAMU
Units Consumed :         555 units
Bill Minimum            =  100.00 Rs
	200 *  80 paise     =  160.00 Rs
	100 *  90 paise     =   90.00 Rs
	255 * 100 paise     =  255.00 Rs
Surcharge Amount        =  104.36 Rs
Total Bill Charges      =  695.75 Rs
===================================

***************************************/

Question 4

Printing Pattern

Write a C Program to display the following by reading the number of rows as input

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A04Pattern.c
*Description	: Program to print a Pattern
*Author			: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 26 December 2022
***************************************************************************/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
/***************************************************************************
*Function		: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS		:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/

int main()
{
    int iNum, iSp_cnt, iNum_cnt, iVal, i, j, k;
    printf("Enter the number of rows : ");
    scanf("%d", &iNum);
    iSp_cnt = iNum - 1;
    iNum_cnt = 1;

    for(i=0;i<iNum;i++)
    {
        iVal = 1;
        for(j=0;j<iSp_cnt;j++)
        {
            printf("  ");
        }
        for(k=0;k<iNum_cnt;k++)
        {
            if(k <= iNum_cnt/2)
            {
                printf("%d ", iVal);
                iVal++;
            }
            else
            {
                iVal--;
                printf("%d ", iVal-1);
            }
        }
        printf("\n");
        iSp_cnt--;
        iNum_cnt += 2;
    }
    return 0;
}

Output

/****************************

Enter the number of rows : 3
    1 
  1 2 1 
1 2 3 2 1 

Enter the number of rows : 4
      1 
    1 2 1 
  1 2 3 2 1 
1 2 3 4 3 2 1 

Enter the number of rows : 5
        1 
      1 2 1 
    1 2 3 2 1 
  1 2 3 4 3 2 1 
1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 
***************************************/

Question 5

Binary Search

Implement Binary Search on Integers.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A05BinarySearchIntegers.c
*Description	: Program to perform a binary search on 1D Array of Integers	
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 10 August 2022
***************************************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

/***************************************************************************
*Function			: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS			:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/

int main(void)
{
	int iaArr[100],iNum,i,iMid,iLow,iHigh,iFound,iKey;

	printf("\nEnter the number of elements\n");
	scanf("%d",&iNum);

	printf("\nEnter the elements in ascending order\n");
	for(i=0;i<iNum;i++)
		scanf("%d",&iaArr[i]);

	printf("\nEnter the key element\n");
	scanf("%d",&iKey);

	iFound = 0;
	iLow = 0;
	iHigh = iNum-1;
	while(iLow <= iHigh)
	{	
		iMid = (iLow+iHigh)/2;
		if(iKey == iaArr[iMid])
		{
			iFound = 1;
			break;
		}
		else if(iKey < iaArr[iMid])
		{
			iHigh = iMid-1;
		}
		else
		{
			iLow = iMid+1;
		}
	}

	if(iFound)
		printf("\nKey element %d found at position %d\n",iKey,iMid+1);
	else
		printf("\nKey element not found\n");

	return 0;
}

Output

/****************************
Enter the number of elements
5

Enter the elements in ascending order
1 3 5 7 9

Enter the key element
8

Key element not found
===============================================
Enter the number of elements
4

Enter the elements in ascending order
1 4 5 7 

Enter the key element
5

Key element 5 found at position 3
===============================================
Enter the number of elements
6
Enter the elements in ascending order
2 4 6 8 9 10

Enter the key element
9

Key element 9 found at position 5
***************************************/

Question 6

Matrix Multiplication

Implement Matrix multiplication and validate the rules of multiplication.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A06MatrixMul.c
*Description	: Program to implement Matrix Multiplication
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 10 August 2022
***************************************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

/***************************************************************************
*Function			: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS			:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/

int main(void)
{
	int iM, iN, iP, iQ, i, j, k, iaMat1[10][10], iaMat2[10][10];
	int iaProd[10][10] = {0};


	printf("\n*********************************************************");
	printf("\n*\tPROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT MATRIX MULIPLICATION\t*\n");
	printf("*********************************************************");

	printf("\nEnter the order of Matrix1\n");
	scanf("%d%d",&iM,&iN);

	printf("\nEnter the order of Matrix2\n");
	scanf("%d%d",&iP,&iQ);

	if( iN != iP)
	{
		printf("\nMatrix Multiplication not possible\n");
		exit(0);
	}


	printf("\nEnter the elements of Matrix 1\n");
	for(i=0;i<iM;i++)
		for(j=0;j<iN;j++)
			scanf("%d",&iaMat1[i][j]);

	printf("\nEnter the elements of Matrix 2\n");
	for(i=0;i<iP;i++)
		for(j=0;j<iQ;j++)
			scanf("%d",&iaMat2[i][j]);


	for(i=0;i<iM;i++)
	{
		for(j=0;j<iQ;j++)
		{
			for(k=0;k<iN;k++)
			{
				iaProd[i][j] += iaMat1[i][k] * iaMat2[k][j];
			}
		}
	}

/**************************************************************************************************
	         |*|	         |*|
a00  a01  a02|*|b00  b01  b02|*|
	         |*|	         |*|
a10  a11  a12|*|b10  b11  b12|*|
	         |*|	         |*|
a20  a21  a22|*|b20  b21  b22|*|
	         |*|	         |*|

(a00*b00+a01*b10+a02*b20) (a00*b01+a01*b11+a02*b21) (a00*b02+a01*b12+a02*b22)
(a10*b00+a11*b10+a12*b20) (a10*b01+a11*b11+a12*b21) (a10*b02+a11*b12+a12*b22)
(a20*b00+a21*b10+a22*b20) (a20*b01+a21*b11+a22*b21) (a20*b02+a21*b12+a22*b22)
**************************************************************************************************/


	printf("\nMatrix 1\n");

	for(i=0;i<iM;i++)
	{
		for(j=0;j<iN;j++)
		{
			printf("%d\t",iaMat1[i][j]);
		}
		printf("\n");
	}
	printf("\n");

	printf("\nMatrix 2\n");

	for(i=0;i<iP;i++)
	{
		for(j=0;j<iQ;j++)
		{
			printf("%d\t",iaMat2[i][j]);
		}
		printf("\n");
	}
	printf("\n");

	printf("\nThe Product matrix is is \n");

	for(i=0;i<iM;i++)
	{
		for(j=0;j<iQ;j++)
		{
			printf("%d\t",iaProd[i][j]);
		}
		printf("\n");
	}
	printf("\n");
	return 0;
}

Output

/***************************************

*********************************************************
*	PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT MATRIX MULIPLICATION	*
*********************************************************
Enter the order of Matrix1
2 3

Enter the order of Matrix2
4 5

Matrix Multiplication not possible

*********************************************************
*	PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT MATRIX MULIPLICATION	*
*********************************************************
Enter the order of Matrix1
2 3

Enter the order of Matrix2
3 2

Enter the elements of Matrix 1
1 2 3
4 5 6

Enter the elements of Matrix 2
1 2
3 4
5 6

Matrix 1
1	2	3	
4	5	6	

Matrix 2
1	2	
3	4	
5	6	

The Product matrix is is 
22	28	
49	64	

*********************************************************
*	PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT MATRIX MULIPLICATION	*
*********************************************************
Enter the order of Matrix1
2 2

Enter the order of Matrix2
2 2

Enter the elements of Matrix 1
1 2 
3 4

Enter the elements of Matrix 2
1 0
0 1

Matrix 1
1	2	
3	4	

Matrix 2
1	0	
0	1	

The Product matrix is is 
1	2	
3	4	
***************************************/

Question 7

Compute Sine and Cosine of an Angle

Compute sin(x)/cos(x) using Taylor series approximation. Compare your result with the built-in library function. Print both the results with appropriate inferences.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A07SineCosAngle.c
*Description	: Program to calculate Sin(x)/Cos(x) using Taylor series
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 10 August 2022
***************************************************************************/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
/***************************************************************************
*Function			: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS			:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/
int main()
{
	float fAngD, fAngR;
	float fTerm, fNum, fDen, fSVal,fCVal;
	int i,iNum;
	printf("\nEnter the Angle : ");	scanf("%f",&fAngD);
	printf("\nEnter the Number of terms : ");		scanf("%d",&iNum);
	printf("\nInput Angle = %g\n",fAngD);	
	printf("No of terms = %d\n",iNum);

	fAngR= (fAngD*M_PI)/180 ;
	
	//Calculation of Sine of an angle using Taylor's series
	fNum=fAngR;
	fDen=1.0;
	fSVal =0.0;
	fTerm=fNum/fDen;
	for(i=1;i<=iNum;i++)
	{
		fSVal = fSVal + fTerm;
		fNum = -fNum * fAngR * fAngR ;
		fDen = fDen * (2*i) * (2*i+1);
		fTerm = fNum/fDen;
	}

	//Calculation of Cosine of an angle using Taylor's series
	fNum=1.0;
	fDen=1.0;
	fCVal =0.0;
	fTerm=1.0;
	for(i=1;i<=iNum;i++)
	{
		fCVal = fCVal + fTerm;
		fNum = -fNum * fAngR * fAngR ;
		fDen = fDen * (2*i) * (2*i-1);
		fTerm = fNum/fDen;
	}
	
	printf("\nCalculated value is :\nSin(%g)/Cos(%g) = %g\n",fAngD, fAngD, fSVal/fCVal);
	printf("\nBuilt In function value is :\nSin(%g)/Cos(%g) = %g\n", fAngD, fAngD, sin(fAngR)/cos(fAngR));

	return 0;
}

Output

/***************************************

Enter the Angle : 60
Enter the Number of terms : 12

Input Angle = 60	No of terms = 12
Calculated value is :
Sin(60)/Cos(60) = 1.73205

Built In function value is :
Sin(60)/Cos(60) = 1.73205
=========================================

Enter the Angle : 30
Enter the Number of terms : 3

Input Angle = 30	No of terms = 3
Calculated value is :
Sin(30)/Cos(30) = 0.577334

Built In function value is :
Sin(30)/Cos(30) = 0.57735
=========================================

Enter the Angle : 45
Enter the Number of terms : 11

Input Angle = 45	No of terms = 11
Calculated value is :
Sin(45)/Cos(45) = 1

Built In function value is :
Sin(45)/Cos(45) = 1
***************************************/

Question 8

Bubble sort.

Sort the given set of N numbers using Bubble sort.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A08BubbleSort.c
*Description	: Program to implement Bubble Sort Algorithm
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 10 August 2022
***************************************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

/***************************************************************************
*Function			: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS			:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/

int main(void)
{
	int iNum, i, j, iaArr[10], iTemp;


	printf("\n*************************************************");
	printf("\n*\tPROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT BUBBLE SORT\t*\n");
	printf("*************************************************");

	printf("\nEnter no of elements\n");
	scanf("%d",&iNum);

	printf("\nEnter the elements\n");
	for(i=0;i<iNum;i++)
		scanf("%d",&iaArr[i]);

	for(i=0;i<iNum;i++)
	{
		for(j=0;j<iNum-i-1;j++)
		{
			if(iaArr[j] > iaArr[j+1])
			{
				iTemp = iaArr[j];
				iaArr[j] = iaArr[j+1];
				iaArr[j+1] = iTemp;
			}

/*Code to show the program trace*/		
/*			printf("\nIteration i=%d, j=%d\n",i,j);*/
/*			for(k=0;k<iNum;k++)*/
/*				printf("%d\t",iaArr[k]);*/
		}

	}

	printf("\nThe Sorted array is \n");

	for(i=0;i<iNum;i++)
		printf("%d\t",iaArr[i]);

	printf("\n");
	return 0;
}

Output

/***************************************
*************************************************
*	PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT BUBBLE SORT	*
*************************************************
Enter no of elements
5

Enter the elements
2 1 6 5 7

The Sorted array is 
1	2	5	6	7	

*************************************************
*	PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT BUBBLE SORT	*
*************************************************
Enter no of elements
6

Enter the elements
9 7 5 3 1 0

The Sorted array is 
0	1	3	5	7	9	
***************************************/

Question 9

String Operations

Write functions to implement string operations such as compare, concatenate, and find string length. Use the parameter passing techniques.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A09StringFunctions.c
*Description	: Program to implement string operations as functions
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 10 August 2022
***************************************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

int fnMyStrCmp(const char*, const char*);
void fnMyStrCat(char*, const char*);
int fnMyStrLen(const char*);

/***************************************************************************
*Function		: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS		:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/

int main()
{
	int iChoice;
	char acStr1[30], acStr2[30];
	int iLen;
	printf("\n=====================\n");
	printf("STRING OPERATIONS");
	printf("\n=====================\n");
	for(;;)
	{
		printf("\nEnter two strings\n");
		printf("\nString 1 : "); 	scanf("%s", acStr1);
		printf("\nString 2 : "); 	scanf("%s", acStr2);
		printf("\n1.String Compare\n2.String Concatenate\n3.String Length");
		printf("\nEnter your choice : ");	scanf("%d", &iChoice);	
		switch(iChoice)
		{
			case 1: if(fnMyStrCmp(acStr1, acStr2) == 0)
						printf("\nTwo strings are equal");
					else if(fnMyStrCmp(acStr1, acStr2) > 0)
						printf("\nString %s is greater than String %s", acStr1, acStr2);
					else
						printf("\nString %s is greater than String %s", acStr2, acStr1);
					break;
					
			case 2:	fnMyStrCat(acStr1, acStr2);
					printf("\nConcatenated String is\n%s", acStr1);
					break;
			
			case 3:	iLen = fnMyStrLen(acStr1);
					printf("\nLength of String %s is %d\n", acStr1, iLen);
					iLen = fnMyStrLen(acStr2);
					printf("\nLength of String %s is %d\n", acStr2, iLen);
					break;
					
		}
		printf("\nPress 1 to continue and 0 to quit : ");
		scanf("%d", &iChoice);
		if(0==iChoice)
		{
			break;
		}
	}
	return 0;		
}

/***************************************************************************
*Function			: fnMyStrCmp
*Description		: Function that compares the two strings s1 and s2.  
*Input parameters	:
*		const char *s1, const char *s2 - two strings to be compared
*RETURNS		:
*	1 if s1 is greater than s2.
*	0 if s1 matches s2.
*	-1 if s1 is less than s2.
***************************************************************************/

int fnMyStrCmp(const char *s1, const char *s2)
{
	int k;
	for(k=0; s1[k] == s2[k] && s1[k]!='\0'&& s2[k]!='\0'; k++);

	if( k==(fnMyStrLen(s1)) && k==(fnMyStrLen(s2)) )	
	{
		return 0;
	}
	else if(s1[k] > s2[k])		
	{
		return 1;
	}
	else 	
	{
		return -1;
	}	
}

/***************************************************************************
*Function			: fnMyStrCat
*Description		: function that appends the src string to the dest string
*Input parameters	:
*		char *dest - first string 
*		const char *src - second string
*RETURNS			: nothing
***************************************************************************/

void fnMyStrCat(char *dest, const char *src)
{
	int dest_len, i;
	dest_len = fnMyStrLen(dest);
	for (i = 0 ; src[i] != '\0' ; i++)
		dest[dest_len + i] = src[i];
	dest[dest_len + i] = '\0';
}

/***************************************************************************
*Function			: fnMyStrLen
*Description		: function that calculates the length of a string
*Input parameters	:
*		const char *str - string whose length needs to be found
*RETURNS			: 
*	integer which is the length of the string
***************************************************************************/

int fnMyStrLen(const char *str)
{
	int iLen;
	for(iLen=0; str[iLen] != '\0'; iLen++);
	return iLen;
}

Output

/***************************************
=====================
STRING OPERATIONS
=====================

Enter two strings

String 1 : shiva 

String 2 : shankar

1.String Compare
2.String Concatenate
3.String Length
Enter your choice : 2

Concatenated String is
shivashankar
Press 1 to continue and 0 to quit : 1

Enter two strings

String 1 : ramesh

String 2 : sumesh

1.String Compare
2.String Concatenate
3.String Length
Enter your choice : 1

String sumesh is greater than String ramesh
Press 1 to continue and 0 to quit : 1

Enter two strings

String 1 : sam

String 2 : samantha

1.String Compare
2.String Concatenate
3.String Length
Enter your choice : 3

Length of String sam is 3

Length of String samantha is 8

Press 1 to continue and 0 to quit : 0
***************************************/

Question 10

C Structures

Implement structures to read, write and compute average- marks and the students scoring above and below the average marks for a class of N students.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A10StudentStructure.c
*Description	: Program to implement structure and compute average marks
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 10 August 2022
***************************************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define STRSIZE 30

typedef struct
{
	char cName[STRSIZE];
	char cUSN[11];
	int iMarks;
}STUDENT_TYPE;

/***************************************************************************
*Function			: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS			:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/

int main(void)
{
	STUDENT_TYPE students[100];
	int iNum, i;
	double dAvg = 0.0;
	
	printf("\nEnter the number of students : ");
	scanf("%d", &iNum);
	
	printf("\nEnter the Student details\n");
	for(i=0;i<iNum;i++)
	{
		printf("\n###############################");
		printf("\nName : "); 	scanf("%s", students[i].cName);
		printf("\nUSN : "); 	scanf("%s", students[i].cUSN);
		printf("\nMarks : "); 	scanf("%d", &students[i].iMarks);
		dAvg += students[i].iMarks;
	}
	
	dAvg /= iNum;
	
	printf("\nThe average marks for the class is : %g\n", dAvg);
	
	for(i=0;i<iNum;i++)
	{
		printf("\n###############################");		
		printf("\nName\t: %s", students[i].cName);
		printf("\nUSN\t: %s", students[i].cUSN);
		printf("\nMarks\t: %d", students[i].iMarks);
		if(students[i].iMarks < dAvg)
			printf("\nThe student has scored below average\n");
		else
			printf("\nThe student has scored above average\n");
	}
		
	return 0;
}

Output

/***************************************
Enter the number of students : 4
Enter the Student details

=========================================
Name : Raju
USN : 1SI17CS036
Marks : 67
=========================================
Name : Michael
USN : 1SI17CS045
Marks : 87
=========================================
Name : Sahana
USN : 1SI17CS405
Marks : 77
=========================================
Name : Jonathan
USN : 1SI17CS025
Marks : 83

The average marks for the class is : 78.5

=========================================
Name	: Raju
USN	: 1SI17CS036
Marks	: 67
The student has scored below average
=========================================
Name	: Michael
USN	: 1SI17CS045
Marks	: 87
The student has scored above average
=========================================
Name	: Sahana
USN	: 1SI17CS405
Marks	: 77
The student has scored below average
=========================================
Name	: Jonathan
USN	: 1SI17CS025
Marks	: 83
The student has scored above average
***************************************/

Question 11

Pointers and Arrays

Develop a program using pointers to compute the sum, mean and standard deviation of all elements stored in an array of N real numbers.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A11MeanVarianceSD.c
*Description	: Program to compute Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation
					using pointer to an array
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 10 August 2022
***************************************************************************/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
/***************************************************************************
*Function			: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS			:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/
int main(void)
{
    int i,iNum;
    float fMean = 0.0f, fVariance = 0.0f, fSd = 0.0f,faArray[100],fSum=0.0f;
    float *fptr;

    printf("\nEnter the number of Values : ");
    scanf("%d",&iNum);
    fptr = faArray; 
/*    fptr = (float*)malloc(iNum*sizeof(float));*/
    printf("\nEnter %d values\n", iNum);
    for(i=0; i<iNum; i++)
    {
        scanf("%f",fptr+i);
        fSum += *(fptr+i);		//fSum += fptr[i]; this is also valid
    }
    fMean = fSum/iNum;

    for(i=0; i<iNum; i++)
    {
        fVariance += (fptr[i] - fMean)*(fptr[i] - fMean);
		//fVariance += (*(fptr+i) - fMean)*(*(fptr+i) - fMean);
    }
    fVariance /= iNum;
    fSd = sqrt(fVariance);
    printf("\nThe values entered are");
    for(i=0; i<iNum; i++)
    {
        printf("\t%g",fptr[i]);        //printf("\n\t%f",*(fptr+i));
    }
    printf("\n");

    printf("\n**************************************\n");
    printf("\tSum\t = \t%g\n\tMean\t = \t%g\n\tVariance = \t%g\nStandard Deviation = \t%g",fSum,fMean,fVariance,fSd);
    printf("\n**************************************\n");
    return 0;
}

Output

/***************************************
Enter the number of Values : 4

Enter 4 values
1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4

The values entered are	1.1	2.2	3.3	4.4

**************************************
	Sum	 = 	11
	Mean	 = 	2.75
	Variance = 	1.5125
Standard Deviation = 	1.22984
**************************************
============================================================
Enter the number of Values : 5

Enter 5 values
5.345 6.765 7.234 8.675 9.765

The values entered are	5.345	6.765	7.234	8.675	9.765

**************************************
	Sum	 = 	37.784
	Mean	 = 	7.5568
	Variance = 	2.34995
Standard Deviation = 	1.53295
**************************************
***************************************/

Question 12

File Copy

Write a C program to copy a text file to another, read both the input file name and target file name.

C Code

/***************************************************************************
*File			: A12FileCopy.c
*Description	: Program to copy a text file to another
*Author		: Prabodh C P
*Compiler		: gcc compiler, Ubuntu 22.04
*Date			: 22 December 2022
***************************************************************************/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

/***************************************************************************
*Function			: 	main
*Input parameters	:	no parameters
*RETURNS			:	0 on success
***************************************************************************/
int main(void)
{
    FILE *fp1,*fp2;
    int ch;
    char fname1[100], fname2[100];
    printf("\nEnter File name to be copied\n");
    scanf("%s",fname1);
    fp1 = fopen(fname1,"r");

    if(fp1 == NULL)
    {
        printf("\nInput File %s doesn't exist\n", fname1);
        exit(0);
    }

    printf("\nEnter target File name\n");
    scanf("%s",fname2);

    fp2 = fopen(fname2,"w");
    while((ch=fgetc(fp1)) != EOF)
    {
        fputc(ch,fp2);
    }
    printf("\nFile %s successfully created\n",fname2);

    fclose(fp1);
    fclose(fp2);

    return 0;
}

Output

/**************************************************
Enter File name to be copied
out9.c

Enter target File name
out99.c

File out99.c successfully created

===============================================

Enter File name to be copied
secret.txt

Input File secret.txt doesn't exist

**************************************************/

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